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The human imagination: the cognitive neuroscience of visual mental imagery

DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0202-9
Pearson, J. (2019). The human imagination: the cognitive neuroscience of visual mental imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 20(10), 624–634. doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0202-9

Abstract

Mental imagery can be advantageous, unnecessary and even clinically disruptive. With methodological constraints now overcome, research has shown that visual imagery involves a network of brain areas from the frontal cortex to sensory areas, overlapping with the default mode network, and can function much like a weak version of afferent perception. Imagery vividness and strength range from completely absent (aphantasia) to photo-like (hyperphantasia). Both the anatomy and function of the primary visual cortex are related to visual imagery. The use of imagery as a tool has been linked to many compound cognitive processes and imagery plays both symptomatic and mechanistic roles in neurological and mental disorders and treatments. Mental imagery plays a role in a variety of cognitive processes such as memory recall. In this review, Joel Pearson discusses recent insights into the neural mechanisms that underlie visual imagery, how imagery can be objectively and reliably measured, and how it affects general cognition.

Authors

  • Joel Pearson28

Understanding Mental Imagery: A Window into the Mind

Overview/Introduction

Mental imagery is a fascinating aspect of human cognition that allows us to visualize objects, scenarios, and experiences in our "mind's eye." This ability varies greatly among individuals, from those who experience no mental images at all (aphantasia) to those who see vivid, almost photo-like images (hyperphantasia). Recent research has uncovered the neural mechanisms behind this phenomenon, revealing its role in various cognitive processes and its impact on mental health.

Methodology

The study of mental imagery has advanced significantly with the development of new research methods. Scientists use brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe brain activity during mental imagery tasks. Behavioral experiments, such as the binocular rivalry technique, objectively measure the vividness of mental imagery by assessing how imagined images influence visual perception.

Key Findings

  • Neural Networks: Mental imagery involves a network of brain areas, including the frontal cortex and sensory regions, overlapping with the default mode network.
  • Vividness Spectrum: Imagery vividness ranges from aphantasia to hyperphantasia, with individual differences linked to the size and function of the primary visual cortex.
  • Cognitive Processes: Imagery plays a crucial role in memory recall, creativity, and problem-solving. It is also involved in mental disorders like PTSD and schizophrenia, where vivid imagery can exacerbate symptoms.
  • Objective Measurement: New techniques allow researchers to decode the content of mental imagery from brain activity, providing insights into how imagery is processed in the brain.

Implications

  • Mental Health: Understanding mental imagery can improve treatments for mental disorders. For example, therapies that use imagery rescripting can help patients reframe traumatic memories.
  • Cognitive Enhancement: By studying imagery, we can develop strategies to enhance cognitive functions like memory and creativity.
  • Education and Training: Insights into imagery can inform educational practices, helping tailor learning methods to individual cognitive styles.

Limitations

  • Focus on Visual Imagery: Most research has concentrated on visual imagery, potentially limiting our understanding of imagery in other senses.
  • Individual Differences: The wide range of imagery abilities among individuals poses challenges for developing universal theories and applications.
In summary, mental imagery is a powerful cognitive tool that influences many aspects of our mental life. Continued research in this area promises to unlock further secrets of the human mind, offering new ways to enhance mental health and cognitive performance.