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Congenital lack and extraordinary ability in object and spatial imagery: An investigation on sub-types of aphantasia and hyperphantasia

DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103360
Palermo, L., Boccia, M., Piccardi, L., & Nori, R. (2022). Congenital lack and extraordinary ability in object and spatial imagery: an investigation on sub-types of aphantasia and hyperphantasia. Consciousness and Cognition, 103, 103360. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103360

Abstract

This study explores different subtypes of aphantasia and hyperphantasia, conditions related to variations in mental imagery. The study collected data on various aspects of mental imagery, including spatial and object imagery, as well as memory and face recognition abilities. Results showed a distinction between two subtypes of aphantasia/hyperphantasia, with spatial aphantasia associated with difficulties in spatial imagery and sense of direction, while object aphantasia was linked to difficulties in imaging single items and events. The opposite pattern was found in spatial and object hyperphantasia. The study also found that associative involuntary imagery can be preserved in aphantasia. This suggests that although individuals with aphantasia may have difficulties with visualizing objects or events, they are still able to experience involuntary imagery, such as images that come to mind without intentional effort. Evidently, more than one type of aphantasia and hyperphantasia exists and this study highlights the importance of considering multiple aspects when investigating these conditions.

Authors

  • Liana Palermo1
  • Maddalena Boccia1
  • Laura Piccardi1
  • Raffaella Nori1

Understanding Aphantasia and Hyperphantasia: A Study on Mental Imagery

Overview/Introduction

Have you ever wondered why some people can vividly picture things in their mind while others struggle to see any mental images at all? This study dives into the fascinating world of mental imagery, focusing on two conditions: aphantasia and hyperphantasia. Aphantasia is when people have little to no ability to visualize mental images, while hyperphantasia is the opposite, with individuals experiencing extremely vivid mental images. The research aims to uncover the different subtypes of these conditions and how they affect various aspects of mental imagery, such as spatial awareness and object visualization.

Methodology

The researchers collected data from participants to assess their abilities in several areas:
  • Spatial Imagery: How well individuals can visualize spatial layouts and navigate environments.
  • Object Imagery: The ability to visualize single items and events.
  • Memory and Face Recognition: How mental imagery influences the ability to remember and recognize faces.
Participants were evaluated on these aspects to identify distinct patterns and subtypes within aphantasia and hyperphantasia.

Key Findings

The study revealed two main subtypes for each condition:
  • Spatial Aphantasia: Individuals with this subtype struggle with spatial imagery and often have a poor sense of direction.
  • Object Aphantasia: These individuals find it difficult to visualize single items or events.
  • Spatial Hyperphantasia: People with this subtype have an enhanced ability to visualize spatial layouts and navigate environments.
  • Object Hyperphantasia: These individuals can vividly imagine single items and events.
Interestingly, the study also found that people with aphantasia might still experience associative involuntary imagery. This means they can have images pop into their mind without trying, even if they can't intentionally visualize objects or events.

Implications

Understanding these subtypes is crucial for several reasons:
  • Personal Insight: Individuals can better understand their own mental imagery capabilities and challenges.
  • Educational Approaches: Educators can tailor learning strategies to accommodate different mental imagery abilities.
  • Mental Health: Therapists can consider these subtypes when developing treatment plans for conditions that involve visualization techniques.

Limitations

While the study provides valuable insights, it's important to note that:
  • The findings are based on self-reported data, which can be subjective.
  • Further research is needed to explore the neurological basis of these conditions and how they manifest in different individuals.
In conclusion, this study sheds light on the complexity of mental imagery and highlights the importance of recognizing the diverse experiences of individuals with aphantasia and hyperphantasia. By understanding these subt...